I. MECHANISM OF BREATHING Eupnoea means rhythmic breathing at rest. It consists of Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration is an active process. During inspiration the size of the thoracic cavity is increased by contraction of appropriate muscles. The parietal pleura follows the expanding chest wall. The visceral pleura also follows the parietal pleura and thus the […]

HEADACHE & FACIAL PAIN Most common Neurological symptom but seldom associated with significant Neurological Disease unless Other Signs Present . Usually Patient is afraid of Serious Brain Disease but there is Mismatch between feeling and actual Likelyhood. COMMON CAUSES OF FACIAL PAIN :- 1.Tension Headache 2. Migraine 3. Cluster Headache 4. Raised Intra Cranial Pressure

DEFINITION The term curettage is used in periodontics to mean the scraping of gingival wall of a periodontal pocket to separate diseased soft tissue. Whereas scaling refers to removal of deposits from tooth/root surface and root planing means smoothening the root to remove infected and necrotic tooth surface. TYPES 1. Gingival curettage: Consists of removal

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS VOF PERIODONTAL DISEASE Microbiology Smokers had higher level of Bacteroides forsythus. Smokers do not respond to mechanical therapy and this is associated with increased level of B.forsythus, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis remaining in the pocket after therapy when compared to nonsmokers. Eikenella nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, S.

Root canal treatment is a dental procedure that replaces a tooth’s damaged or infected pulp with a root filling. The pulp is the tooth’s lifeline – its vessels, tissue fibres and nerves in the central hollow of the tooth keep it alive. The procedure to replace this damaged or infected pulp is also known as

INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing. It is a general term used to describe the unpleasant breath regardless of its sources, oral or non-oral. Whereas, oral malodor is the term especially used to describe the odor from the oral cavity. Halitosis which is in synonym with breath

TYPES OF GINGIVITIS Depending on course and duration. Depending on distribution.   Depending on the Course and Duration Acute gingivitis is of sudden onset and short duration and can be painful. Subacute is a less severe phase of acute condition Recurrent gingivitis reappears either after treatment or disappears spontaneously. Chronic gingivitis is slow in onset,

Periodontal Structures in Aging Humans GENERAL EFFECTS OF AGING In the Skin a. The dermis and epidermis are thinned b. Keratinization is diminished c. Blood supply is diminished d. Degeneration of nerve endings occur e. Capillaries appear to become more fragile which may result in haemangiomas after minor traumas f. Tissue elasticity is decreased. Bone

                                                                         BLOOD COMPONENTS Blood from donors is collected as whole blood in a suitable anticoagulant. Now-a-days it is a common

                                                                                    VIRAL HEPATITIS The term viral hepatitis is used to describe infection of the liver caused by hepatotropic viruses. Currently there are 5 main varieties of these viruses and a sixth poorly characterised