CROSSBITE CORRECTION It is important to correct posterior crossbites and mild anterior crossbites (one or two displaced teeth) in the first stage of treatment. Severe anterior crossbites (all the teeth), in contrast, are usually not corrected until the second stage of conventional treatment or might remain pending surgical correction. For both posterior and anterior crossbites, […]

Pimples and Acne Pimples are a common skin condition caused by clogged or inflamed oil glands or an increased presence of pimple-causing bacteria on your skin. They’re a symptom of acne, and there are many different types, including blackheads, whiteheads, cysts and others. Treatments include home remedies and over-the-counter and prescription pills and gels .

CLASSIFICATION OF OROFACIAL PAIN   Pain may be classified by various criteria such as Anatomical location Etiology Neurophysiological mechanism Neural pathway that mediates the sensation Temporal behavior Clinical characteristics FIRST CLASSIFICATION Neuropathic Pain Orofacial pain associated with clinically demonstrated nerve dysfunction or observed abnormalities of the peripheral nerve. Paroxysmal pain of neuropathic origin Trigeminal neuralgia

UNDISPLACED FLAP   Currently, the undisplaced flap may be the most frequently performed type of periodontal surgery. It differs from the modified Widman flap in that the soft tissue pocket wall is removed with the initial incision; thus it may be considered an “internal bevel gingivectomy.” The undisplaced flap and the gingivectomy are the two

MODIFIED WIDMAN FLAP In 1965, Morris* revived a technique described early in the twentieth century in the periodontal literature; he called it the “unrepositioned mucoperiosteal flap.” Essentially, the same procedure was presented in 1974 by Ramfjord and Nissle, who called it the “modified Widman flap” . This technique offers the possibility of establishing an intimate

GINGIVECTOMY Gingivectomy means excision of the gingiva. By removing the pocket wall, gingivectomy provides visibility and accessibility for complete calculus removal and thorough smoothing of the roots, creating a favorable environment for gingival healing and restoration of a physiologic gingival contour. The gingivectomy technique was widely performed in the past. Improved understanding of healing mechanisms

CHRONIC ALVEOLAR ABSCES It is a long-standing, low grade infection of the periradicular tissues. Etiopathogenesis It results from direct extension of acute pulpitis or acute non-suppurative periodontitis or acute exacerbation of periapical granuloma, cyst or chronic abscess. . The surrounding tissue attempt to localize the pyo- genic infection by forming enclosure of granulation tissue; this

It is a condition which was first described by Ludwig in 1936. The word angina means sensation of choking or suffocation. It is the most commonly encountered neck space infection. This condition may be defined an overwhelming, rapidly spreading, septic cellulitis involving submandibular, submental and sublingual spaces bilaterally. Etiology :- Odontogenic infection-it is usually an

It is usually culmination of a long period of chronic periodontitis. Pathogenesis :- It usually occurs in pre-existing periodontal pocket. When such pocket reaches sufficient depth of about 5 to 8 mm, the soft tissues, around the neck of the tooth may approximate the tooth so tightly that orifice of the pocket is occluded. Bacteria

An abscess is a localized collection of pus, surrounded by an area of inflamed tissue in which hyperemia and infiltration of leukocytes is marked. Radiographic Features:- Bacteriology Staphylococci are frequently associated with abscess formation. They produce the enzyme called coagulase which causes fibrin deposition and thus helps in walling off the lesion. Coagulase promotes virulence