The search for a single organism as the cause for dental caries began shortly after the recognition of the role of bacteria in the etiology of caries. Clarke in 1924 isolated an organism which he named as streptococcus mutans. Evidence rapidly accumulated that streptococcus mutans was the major causative organism along with lactobacilli and S.milleri […]

It is the physiologic wearing away of teeth because of tooth to tooth contact, as in mastication. It plays an important physiological role as it helps to maintain an advantageous crown-root ratio and gains intercoronal space of 1 cm, which facilitates third molar eruption. TYPES -Physiological attrition-attrition which occurs due to normal aging process, due

Dental Caries is an infectious microbial disease that results in localized dissolution and destruction of calcified tissues of the teeth. The enzymes produced by the bacteria act upon the fermentable carbohydrates to produce acids. These acids react with the enamel leading to dental caries as a result of demineralization. Tooth decay, also known as dental

Stomatitis is the inflammation of mouth and is caused by bacterial, viral and fungal infections in persons with poor oral hygiene or in blood dyscrasias Causes of Stomatitis : a. Local Causes: Poor oral hygiene, excessive use of tobacco, alcohol and spices, use of broad spectrum antibiotics and drugs such as iodine or gold. b.

Many workers have pointed out that life on earth probably arose in the sea, and that the body water which is the environment of the cells, is similar to the ancient ocean from where life began. Although it appears quite tempting to draw comparison between environment of the cell and the ancient oceans but it

Disinfection of root canal system is defined as destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms, presupposes previous adequate removal of pulp tissue and debris cleaning and enlarging of the canal by biochemical means, and clearing of its contents by irrigation. These are following methods of disinfecting root canal: 1. Physical i.e., LASER, X-rays, UV rays and diathermy. 2.

Intracanal medicaments are the materials which are used for disinfection of root canal. Classification : I. From practical point of view intracanal medicaments are considered into two class- 1. Used as irrigating solution during mechanical instrumentation. 2. Agent used as root canal dressing. II. Root canal dressings – Classified into three groups. 1. Physical-diathermy, UV

Shock is defined as an acute clinical syndrome characterized by hypo perfusion and severe dysfunction of vital organs. Classification of Shock : 1. Hypovolemia shock 2. Cardiogenic shock 3. Distributive shock 4. Obstructive shock 1. Hypovolemia shock : Causes : 1. Loss of extracellular fluid: a. Deviation of normal exchange pattern: As in vomiting, diarrhea,

Pulpotomy: It is defined as the removal of coronal portion of infected vital pulp. Objective : To maintain vitality and function of remaining non- infected healthy pulp tissue in root canal. Amputed surface of pulp again becomes covered with odontoblast which forms a layer reparative dentin protecting the pulp in root canal. Procedure : ▪︎Obtain

An oral infection may originate in the dental pulp and extend through the root canals and into the periapical tissues, or it may originate in the super- ficial periodontal tissues and subsequently disperse through the spongy bone. Afterwards, it may per- forate the outer cortical bone and spread in various tissue spaces or discharge onto