Many workers have pointed out that life on earth probably arose in the sea, and that the body water which is the environment of the cells, is similar to the ancient ocean from where life began. Although it appears quite tempting to draw comparison between environment of the cell and the ancient oceans but it […]

Disinfection of root canal system is defined as destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms, presupposes previous adequate removal of pulp tissue and debris cleaning and enlarging of the canal by biochemical means, and clearing of its contents by irrigation. These are following methods of disinfecting root canal: 1. Physical i.e., LASER, X-rays, UV rays and diathermy. 2.

Intracanal medicaments are the materials which are used for disinfection of root canal. Classification : I. From practical point of view intracanal medicaments are considered into two class- 1. Used as irrigating solution during mechanical instrumentation. 2. Agent used as root canal dressing. II. Root canal dressings – Classified into three groups. 1. Physical-diathermy, UV

Shock is defined as an acute clinical syndrome characterized by hypo perfusion and severe dysfunction of vital organs. Classification of Shock : 1. Hypovolemia shock 2. Cardiogenic shock 3. Distributive shock 4. Obstructive shock 1. Hypovolemia shock : Causes : 1. Loss of extracellular fluid: a. Deviation of normal exchange pattern: As in vomiting, diarrhea,

Pulpotomy: It is defined as the removal of coronal portion of infected vital pulp. Objective : To maintain vitality and function of remaining non- infected healthy pulp tissue in root canal. Amputed surface of pulp again becomes covered with odontoblast which forms a layer reparative dentin protecting the pulp in root canal. Procedure : ▪︎Obtain

An oral infection may originate in the dental pulp and extend through the root canals and into the periapical tissues, or it may originate in the super- ficial periodontal tissues and subsequently disperse through the spongy bone. Afterwards, it may per- forate the outer cortical bone and spread in various tissue spaces or discharge onto

PERIAPICAL ABSCESS : (Dento-alveolar abscess, Alveolar abscess) The periapical abscess in an acute or chronic suppurative process of the dental periapical region. It may develop either from acute periapical periodontitis or more commonly from a periapical granuloma. Acute exacerbation of a chronic peri- apical lesion is also called a Phoenix abscess. It usually arises as

A periodontal flap is a section of gingiva and/or mucosa surgically separated from the underlying tissues to provide visibility of and access to the bone and root surface. The flap also allows the gingiva to be displaced to a different location in patients with mucogingival involvement. CLASSIFICATION OF FLAPS : Periodontal flaps can be classified

  It is a well established fact that success of endodontic therapy depends on the main three factors: a. Cleaning and shaping b. Disinfection c. Three dimensional obturation of the root canal system. Proper cleaning and shaping establishes the necessary conditions for next two factors. However, there is one step which precedes these factors, the

The method for the prevention of epithelial migration along the cemental wall of the pocket that has gained wide attention is guided tissue regeneration (GTR). This method derives from the classic studies of Nyman, Lindhe, Karring, and Gottlow and is based on the assumption that only the periodontal ligament cells have the potential for regenera-