As per the WHO, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a hetro- geneous metabolic disorder characterised by common feature of chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. DM is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality the world over. It is estimated that approximately 1% of population offers from DM. The incidence is rising […]

Early childhood caries is a specific term used to describe a unique pattern of dental decay in infants and toddlers, and preschool children. Early childhood caries is a particularly virulent form of dental caries that is characterized by an overwhelming infectious challenge and is associated with unusual dietary practices. It initially presents with smooth- surface

It is a well established fact that the primary etiological agent in periodontal disease is bacterial plaque. The toxins and enzymes produced by the bacterial plaque elicit inflammatory and immunologic changes in the periodontal tissues at both cellular and molecular levels. These responses can be affected by a variety of systemic factors that can alter

Once in a millennium, one comes across a landmark discovery, the ramifications of which span an entire century. A great forward stride in the field of public health was made with discovery of inverse correlation between dental caries prevalence and fluoride concentration in the drinking water. Various preventive measures and programmes using fluoride were implemented

Introduction Dental caries continues to be a veritable scourge on mankind, despite widespread preventive measures. This disease exerts a social, physical, mental and financial burden on a global scale, with developing countries like India being affected the most. Definition “Dental caries is a microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth characterized by demineralization

EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND ALVEOLI The exchange of gases between blood and alveoli occurs only in the respiratory unit. It includes respiratory bronchio- les, alveolar ducts, atria, alveolar sacs and alveoli. The membrane through which the exchange occurs is called the respiratory membrane. RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE Respiratory membrane is formed by the epithelium

  Definition Dental calculus is an adherent, calcified or calcifying mass that forms on the surfaces of teeth and dental appliances. It is covered on its external surface by vital, tightly adherent, nonmineralized plaque. Types: Depending upon the position of calculus in relation to the marginal gingiva it is classified as: 1. Supragingival calculus. 2.

INTRODUCTION Inflammation of gingiva is termed as gingivitis. The plaque microorganisms can exert its effect on perio- dontium by releasing certain products (e.g. collagenase, hyaluronidase, protease, chondroitin sulfatase) which can cause damage to the epithelial and connective tissue constituents. The intercellular spaces between the junctional epithelial cells are destroyed and may permit the bacterial products

Dental Plaque is an adherent intercellular matrix consisting primarily of proliferating microorganisms, along with a scattering of epithelial cells, leukocytes and macrophages. Plaque Plaque can also be defined as the soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable and fixed restorations. Dental

I. MECHANISM OF BREATHING Eupnoea means rhythmic breathing at rest. It consists of Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration is an active process. During inspiration the size of the thoracic cavity is increased by contraction of appropriate muscles. The parietal pleura follows the expanding chest wall. The visceral pleura also follows the parietal pleura and thus the