EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND ALVEOLI The exchange of gases between blood and alveoli occurs only in the respiratory unit. It includes respiratory bronchio- les, alveolar ducts, atria, alveolar sacs and alveoli. The membrane through which the exchange occurs is called the respiratory membrane. RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE Respiratory membrane is formed by the epithelium […]

  Definition Dental calculus is an adherent, calcified or calcifying mass that forms on the surfaces of teeth and dental appliances. It is covered on its external surface by vital, tightly adherent, nonmineralized plaque. Types: Depending upon the position of calculus in relation to the marginal gingiva it is classified as: 1. Supragingival calculus. 2.

INTRODUCTION Inflammation of gingiva is termed as gingivitis. The plaque microorganisms can exert its effect on perio- dontium by releasing certain products (e.g. collagenase, hyaluronidase, protease, chondroitin sulfatase) which can cause damage to the epithelial and connective tissue constituents. The intercellular spaces between the junctional epithelial cells are destroyed and may permit the bacterial products

Dental Plaque is an adherent intercellular matrix consisting primarily of proliferating microorganisms, along with a scattering of epithelial cells, leukocytes and macrophages. Plaque Plaque can also be defined as the soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable and fixed restorations. Dental

I. MECHANISM OF BREATHING Eupnoea means rhythmic breathing at rest. It consists of Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration is an active process. During inspiration the size of the thoracic cavity is increased by contraction of appropriate muscles. The parietal pleura follows the expanding chest wall. The visceral pleura also follows the parietal pleura and thus the

HEADACHE & FACIAL PAIN Most common Neurological symptom but seldom associated with significant Neurological Disease unless Other Signs Present . Usually Patient is afraid of Serious Brain Disease but there is Mismatch between feeling and actual Likelyhood. COMMON CAUSES OF FACIAL PAIN :- 1.Tension Headache 2. Migraine 3. Cluster Headache 4. Raised Intra Cranial Pressure

DEFINITION The term curettage is used in periodontics to mean the scraping of gingival wall of a periodontal pocket to separate diseased soft tissue. Whereas scaling refers to removal of deposits from tooth/root surface and root planing means smoothening the root to remove infected and necrotic tooth surface. TYPES 1. Gingival curettage: Consists of removal

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS VOF PERIODONTAL DISEASE Microbiology Smokers had higher level of Bacteroides forsythus. Smokers do not respond to mechanical therapy and this is associated with increased level of B.forsythus, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis remaining in the pocket after therapy when compared to nonsmokers. Eikenella nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, S.

Root canal treatment is a dental procedure that replaces a tooth’s damaged or infected pulp with a root filling. The pulp is the tooth’s lifeline – its vessels, tissue fibres and nerves in the central hollow of the tooth keep it alive. The procedure to replace this damaged or infected pulp is also known as

INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing. It is a general term used to describe the unpleasant breath regardless of its sources, oral or non-oral. Whereas, oral malodor is the term especially used to describe the odor from the oral cavity. Halitosis which is in synonym with breath